A spectrometer chiridzwa chesainzi, chinoshandiswa kuongorora huwandu hwemwaranzi yemagetsi, inogona kuratidza huwandu hwemwaranzi segirazi inomiririra kugoverwa kwekusimba kwechiedza zvine chekuita newavelength (y-axis ndiko kusimba, x-axis ndiyo yavelength. / kuwanda kwechiedza).Chiedza chakasiyana chakapatsanurwa mukati meiyo constituent's wavelengths mukati meiyo spectrometer nedanda rinopatsanura, rinowanzova refractive prisms kana diffraction gratings Mufananidzo 1.
Fig. 1 Spectrum yegirobhu remwenje nechiedza chezuva (kuruboshwe), danda rekutsemura gireti neprism (kurudyi)
MaSpectrometer anoita basa rakakosha pakuyera huwandu hwakawanda hwemwaranzi yemaziso, kungave nekuongorora zvakananga kubuda kwechiedza chechiedza kana nekuongorora kuratidzwa, kutorwa, kutapurirana, kana kuparadzira kwechiedza zvichitevera kusangana kwacho nechinhu.Mushure mekubatana kwechiedza uye nyaya, iyo spectrum inosangana neshanduko mune imwe spectral renji kana chaiyo wavelength, uye zvimiro zvechinhu chacho zvinogona kuongororwa zvine hungwaru kana kuwanda zvichienderana nekushanduka kweiyo spectrum, senge biological uye makemikari kuongorora kwe. kuumbwa uye kusangana kweropa uye zvisingazivikanwe mhinduro, uye kuongororwa kwemorekuru, chimiro cheatomu uye elemental kuumbwa kwezvinhu mufananidzo 2.
Fig. 2 Infrared absorption spectra yemhando dzakasiyana dzemafuta
Yakagadzirirwa kudzidza fizikisi, nyeredzi, chemistry, iyo spectrometer yava imwe yezviridzwa zvakakosha munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakadai semakemikari engineering, kuongororwa kwezvinhu, sainzi yenyeredzi, kuongororwa kwekurapa, uye bio-sensing.Muzana ramakore rechi 17, Isaac Newton akakwanisa kupatsanura chiedza kuita bhendi ine mavara anoramba achipfuura nokupfuudza danda rechiedza chichena kuburikidza neprism uye akashandisa izwi rokuti "Spectrum" kekutanga kutsanangura mhedzisiro iyi Fig. 3.
Mufananidzo 3 Isaac Newton anodzidza nezvechiedza chezuva neprism.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, musayendisiti weGermany Joseph von Fraunhofer (Franchofer), akabatanidzwa nemaprisms, diffraction slits uye telescopes, akaita spectrometer nehupamhi hwepamusoro uye yakarurama, iyo yakashandiswa kuongorora mashizha emagetsi ezuva Fig 4. Iye akacherechedza kekutanga kuti mavara-mavara manomwe ezuva haasi kuenderera, asi ane mitsara yakawanda yakasviba (inopfuura 600 discrete mitsara) pairi, anoziva semukurumbira "Frankenhofer line".Akadoma mitsara yakanyanyosiyana iyi A, B, C…H uye akaverenga mitsetse inosvika mazana mashanu nemakumi manomwe nemina pakati peB neH inofambirana nekutorwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana pamhepo yezuva Mufananidzo 5. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Fraunhofer aivewo kutanga kushandisa diffraction grating kuti uwane mutsara spectra uye kuverenga wavelength ye spectral mitsara.
Mufananidzo 4. Yekutanga spectrometer, inoonekwa nemunhu
Fig. 5 Fraun Whaffe line (dark line in ribhoni)
Fig. 6 Solar spectrum, ine concave chikamu chinoenderana neFraun Wolfel line
Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 19, The German fizikisi Kirchhoff naBunsen, vakashanda pamwe chete paYunivhesiti yeHeidelberg, uye neBunsen ichangobva kugadzirwa murazvo mudziyo (iyo Bunsen burner) uye vakaita yekutanga spectral ongororo nekucherechedza chaiyo spectral mitsetse yemakemikari akasiyana. (salts) yakasaswa muBunsen burner flame fig.7. Vakaziva kuongororwa kwehunhu hwezvinhu nekucherechedza spectra, uye muna 1860 vakaburitsa kuwanikwa kweiyo spectra yezvinhu zvisere, uye vakasarudza kuvepo kwezvinhu izvi mune akati wandei echisikigo komputa.Zvavakawana zvakatungamira mukusikwa kwebazi rakakosha re spectroscopy analytical chemistry: spectroscopic analysis.
Fig.7 Flame reaction
Mumakore ekuma20 ezana ramakore rechi20, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeIndia CV Raman akashandisa spectrometer kuwana inelastic kuparadzira mhedzisiro yechiedza uye mamorekuru mune organic mhinduro.Akacherechedza kuti chiitiko chiedza chakapararira nesimba rakakwirira uye rakaderera mushure mekubatana nechiedza, icho chinozonzi Raman kuparadzira fig 8. Kuchinja kwesimba rechiedza kunoratidza microstructure yemamorekuru, saka Raman kuparadzira spectroscopy inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinhu, mishonga, kemikari. uye mamwe maindasitiri ekuona uye kuongorora mhando yemamorekuru uye chimiro chezvinhu.
Mufananidzo 8 Simba rinoshanduka mushure mekunge chiedza chadyidzana nemamorekuru
Mumakore makumi matatu ezana ramakore rechi 20, musayendisiti wekuAmerica Dr. Beckman akatanga kuronga kuyera kutorwa kwe ultraviolet spectra pawavelength imwe neimwe zvakasiyana kuti ibudise kunyura kwakazara, zvichibva zvaburitsa pachena rudzi nekuungana kwekemikari mumushonga.Iyi nzira yekufambisa yekupinza mwenje ine mwenje sosi, spectrometer, uye sampuli.Iyo yakawanda yeazvino mhinduro kuumbwa uye kutariswa kwekutarisa kwakavakirwa pane ino kutapurirana absorption spectrum.Pano, chiedza chinopatsanurwa pamuenzaniso uye prism kana grating inoongororwa kuti iwane wavelengths yakasiyana Fig. 9.
Fig.9 Absorbance Detection Principle -
Muma40s ezana ramakore rechi20, yekutanga yakananga kuona spectrometer yakagadzirwa, uye kekutanga, machubhu mafotomultiplier PMTs uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakatsiva iyo yechinyakare yekutarisa ziso remunhu kana firimu remifananidzo, iro raigona kuverenga zvakananga kusimba kwe spectral pakatarisana newavelength Fig. 10. Nokudaro, spectrometer sechimbo chesayenzi yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya maererano nekureruka kwekushandisa, chiyero chekuyera, uye kunzwisiswa pamusoro penguva.
Fig. 10 Photomultiplier chubhu
Pakati-kusvika-kupera kwezana remakore rechi20, kuvandudzwa kwe spectrometer tekinoroji kwakanga kusinga patsanurike kubva mukugadzirwa kwe optoelectronic semiconductor zvinhu nemidziyo.Muna 1969, Willard Boyle naGeorge Smith veBell Labs vakagadzira CCD (Charge-Coupled Device), iyo yakabva yavandudzwa uye yakagadziridzwa kuita imaging applications naMichael F. Topsett muma1970.Willard Boyle (kuruboshwe), George Smith akakunda uyo akakunda Nobel Prize nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwavo kweCCD (2009) inoratidzwa mufananidzo 11. Muna 1980, Nobukazu Teranishi weNEC muJapan akagadzira photodiode yakagadziriswa, iyo yakavandudza zvikuru mufananidzo weruzha uye resolution.Gare gare, muna 1995, Eric Fossum weNASA akagadzira CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor, iyo inoshandisa simba rakapetwa ka100 pane yakafanana CCD image sensors uye ine mutengo wakaderera wekugadzira.
Mufananidzo 11 Willard Boyle (kuruboshwe), George Smith neCCD yavo (1974)
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwe semiconductor optoelectronic chip processing uye teknolojia yekugadzira, kunyanya nekushandiswa kweCCD array uye CMOS mu spectrometers Fig.Nekufamba kwenguva, ma spectrometer akawana kushandiswa kwakakura mumhando dzakasiyana dzemashandisirwo, kusanganisira asi asina kuganhurirwa pakuona kwemavara / kuyerwa, laser wavelength kuongororwa, uye fluorescence spectroscopy, LED kuronga, imaging uye mwenje inonzwa michina, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nezvimwe. .
Mufananidzo 12 Mhando dzakasiyana dzeCCD chips
Muzana ramakore rechi21, dhizaini nekugadzira tekinoroji yemhando dzakasiyana dzema spectrometers zvishoma nezvishoma zvakakura uye zvakadzikama.Nekukura kuri kudiwa kwema spectrometers mune ese mafambiro ehupenyu, kusimudzira kwema spectrometers kwave kukurumidza kukurumidza uye indasitiri-yakananga.Pamusoro pezvakajairwa optical parameter zviratidzi, maindasitiri akasiyana akagadzirisa zvinodiwa zvehukuru hukuru, software mabasa, kutaurirana nzvimbo, kumhanya kwekupindura, kugadzikana, uye kunyange mutengo we spectrometer, zvichiita kuti budiriro ye spectrometer iwedzere kusiyanisa.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-28-2023